Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, PA+IVS
In Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum (PA+IVS), there is no direct connection between the heart and the pulmonary artery. Blood flows to the lungs via the ductus arteriosus. The right ventricle may be very small (hypoplastic) or very large if there is significant regurgitation at the tricuspid valve. After birth, the child is given […]
Read ArticlePulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect, PA + VSD
In this heart defect, there is no direct connection between the heart and the pulmonary artery, and blood flows to the lungs via the ductus arteriosus or additional vessels, known as collateral vessels. There is a hole in the ventricular septum. The oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood entering the ventricles mixes. Typically, the right ventricle is […]
Read ArticleTransposition of the Great Arteries, TGA
In this heart defect, the origins of the aorta and the pulmonary artery are transposed (TGA, Transposition of the Great Arteries). The aorta abnormally arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery from the left. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs returns to the pulmonary artery via the left ventricle and back to the lungs, […]
Read ArticleTetralogy of Fallot, TOF
This defect is the most common of the so-called “blue baby” heart defects. It is called Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) because the French doctor Étienne-Louis Arthur Fallot described it as comprising four abnormalities: 1) The base of the pulmonary artery is narrow. 2) There is a hole in the ventricular septum. 3) The aorta originates […]
Read ArticleCoarctation of the Aorta, COA
Coarctation is a localized narrowing of the large artery, the aorta (Coarctatio Aortae), at the junction between its arch and descending part. This increases blood pressure in the head and arms and lowers blood pressure in the lower body. The left ventricle pumps blood against high pressure, leading to an increase in its muscle mass. […]
Read ArticleAortic Stenosis, AS
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a malformation that restricts the opening of the aortic valve. The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta at higher than normal pressure. The walls of the left ventricle thicken, and its function can fail. The base of the aorta above the valve enlarges. Mild aortic stenosis does not require treatment, […]
Read ArticlePulmonary Stenosis, PS
Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a malformation that restricts the opening of the pulmonary valve. This condition produces a characteristic heart murmur, and therefore the diagnosis is usually made early. The workload of the right ventricle increases as it pumps blood through the narrow valve into the pulmonary artery at higher than normal pressure. The pulmonary […]
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